#!/usr/bin/bash


# BEGIN: Variables

HOSTNAME="ExampleHostname"
BOOT_METHOD="BIOS"
DISK='/dev/sda'
EFI_PARTITION=${DISK}1
SWAP_PARTITION=${DISK}2
ROOT_PARTITION=${DISK}3

## New Login creds for your new user and the root user
ROOT_PASSWORD="root"
NEW_USER="username"
NEW_PASSWORD="password"

TIMEZONE_INFO=America/Chicago
LOCALE=en_US.UTF-8

## Commands to create disks un-interactively with fdisk
## will clean up comments later with grep command
FORMAT_DISK_COMMANDS_BIOS="
# Create MBR partition table
o 

# Create bios header (area where boot information is stored at the beginning of the disk)
n
# Create Primary partition (which is technically the default anyway)
p
# Press Enter to select default partition number

# Press Enter to select default starting sector

# Allocate 10 MB at beginning of disk for BIOS table (you will do nothing with it)
+10MiB

# Create Swap Partition
n
# Create Primary partition (which is technically the default anyway)
p 
# Press Enter to select default partition number

# Press Enter to select default starting sector

# Allocate 8GiB for swap partition
+8GiB
# Set the type to Linux Swap (82)
t
# Press Enter to select the last partition

# Set to type 82
82

# Create Root Partition
n
# Set as Primary (default)
p
# Press Enter to select default partition number

# Press Enter to select default starting sector

# Press Enter to allocate rest of disk to root partition

# Sync changes to disk
w
"
FORMAT_DISK_COMMANDS_EFI="
# Create GPT partition table
g

# Create efi partition
n
# Enter to select default partition number

# Enter to select default first sector

# Allocate only 500 MiB for the efi partition
+500MiB

# Set partition type
t
# Set partition type to efi (1)
1

# Create Swap Partition
n
# Enter to select default partition number

# Enter to select default first sector

# Allocate 8 GiB to swap partition
+8GiB

## Set partition type to Linux Swap (19)
t
### Enter to select default (last) partition (2)

### Set Type to swap (19)
19

# Create root partition (doing single partition format)
n
# Enter to select default partition number

# Enter to select default first sector

# Press Enter to allocate remaining disk to your final partition

# No need to set partition type
# Write changes to disk
w
"

## Declaring a "named" variable allows me to access the correct commands without a conditional 
declare -n FORMAT_DISK_COMMANDS="FORMAT_DISK_COMMANDS_${BOOT_METHOD}"


# END: Variables


# BEGIN: Work

## BEGIN: Pre-Chroot Work
### Format Disk
#### For this example I will be using a sata disk (/dev/sda)
COMMANDS="$(echo -e "$FORMAT_DISK_COMMANDS" | grep -v \#)"

fdisk $DISK <<< "$COMMANDS"

### Format EFI Partition
#### The efi partition (mounted at /boot/efi) Needs to be formatted as fat32
[[ "$BOOT_METHOD" == "EFI" ]] && mkfs.fat -F32 $EFI_PARTITION

### Format SWAP partition
mkswap $SWAP_PARTITION
### Activate swap partition
swapon $SWAP_PARTITION

### Format Root Partition
#### We will be formatting it with ext4 because that's the default for most use-cases, especially when new linux users are concerned
mkfs.ext4 $ROOT_PARTITION

### Mounting the root partition to begin setting up the partitions where they need to be
mount $ROOT_PARTITION /mnt
### Calling the --mkdir flag for mount to create the necessary directories so that it can mount 
[[ "$BOOT_METHOD" == "EFI" ]] && mount $EFI_PARTITION --mkdir /mnt/boot/efi

### Using pacstrap to install the necessities to be able to get a chroot env
: "
base:
This is a meta-package. One that will handle installing many of the necessary programs to have a basic install of arch to chroot into


linux:
This is the actual kernel being installed. It will install the kernel & kernel-modules necessary to boot


linux-headers:
This is many other family of distros (Debian, RedHat, etc) would name linux-dev || linux-devel

This is a package that contains all of the kernel's header files for compiling modules for your distrobutions kernel.


linux-firmware:
This is another meta package that contains just about all of the firmware drivers you system may need. It is just a dump of firmware, not all of them will be needed for your system.

sudo:
A program needed for privelege escalation. Basically to provide a user of an admin group (most often wheel in most distrobutions) to be able to execute binaries that require root level permissions in you system.

Installing it here because it is not installed by default. An alternative is doas, a utility to perform the same funciton.
"
pacstrap /mnt base linux linux-headers linux-firmware sudo

## Setting up fstab 
genfstab -U /mnt > /mnt/etc/fstab

INSTALL_SYSTEM="
# Setting the hostname of your machine
echo '$HOSTNAME' > /etc/hostname

# Setting timezone of the machine 
ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/$TIMEZONE_INFO /etc/localtime

# Setting LOCALE of machine (uncommenting 
cp /etc/locale.gen{,-bak}
sed -i s'/\#$LOCALE/$LOCALE/' /dev/locale.gen
echo 'LANG=$LOCALE' > /etc/locale.conf
# Generate local
locale-gen

# Install and Enable Networking Systems
: '
networkmanager:
This is the system that will handle all networking for your system, allowing you to setup profiles and otherwise automatically configure your network as needed.

wpa_supplicant:
This is the service/program that will manage supplication (aka wireless handshakes) between your device and your Access Point/Router
'
## Installing networking packages
pacman -S -y networkmangager wpa_supplicant
## Enabling systemd services
systemctl enable wpa_supplicant NetworkManager

## Installing bootloader
: '
grub:
Grub is a bootloader. A program that helps you boot into an installed system

It is what actually load your kernel and init-system via your install's specific efi file located somewhere in (/boo/efi/EFI)


efibootmgr:
Is a tool that is used to edit boot manager settings (primarily to delete and move boot options around)
'
### Do bootloader install 
`
case "${BOOT_METHOD,,}" in
	efi)
		echo "pacman -S -y grub efibootmgr"
		echo "grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --bootloader-id=GRUB --efi-directory=/boot/efi"
		;;
	bios)
		echo "pacman -S -y grub"
		echo "grub-install --target=i386-pc --boot-directory=/boot"
		;;
esac
`
## Create grub config
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

: '
gnome:
This is the gnome desktop enviorment. It's the default choice for most distros by default (due to fewer release cycles, meaning distro maintainers don't have to work as much to maintain it for their distro). 

There are other choices:
- KDE/Plasma
- xfce4
- lxde
...

KDE is usually the next choice for those wanting to have a very easy to use and integrated desktop with a lot of customizability.

gdm \"Gnome Desktop Manager\":
This is the default desktop manager (login screen) for gnome. This just handles the login screen and starting up your desktop session & windowing system based off of your choices.
'
## Install desktop env
pacman -S -y gnome

## Enable desktop manager/login-screen
systemctl enable gdm

## Setting root password
echo -e '$ROOT_PASSWORD\n$ROOT_PASSWORD\n' | passwd
## Creating new user and setting password
useradd -m $NEW_USER
echo -e '$NEW_PASSWORD\n$NEW_PASSWORD\n' | passwd $NEW_USER

## Adding new user to wheel group to be able to use sudo
usermod -aG wheel $NEW_USER

## Setting up wheel group in sudoers
: '
I am doing it this way because it's not a good idea to edit /etc/sudoers non-interactively, as you can break sudo for all other users except root.

sudo will load all definitions from /etc/sudoers.d/ and won't break if there is an error in the extra files (unlike if you edit /etc/sudoers directly)
'
echo '%wheel	ALL=(ALL:ALL)	ALL' > /etc/sudoers.d/wheel
"

arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash <<< "$INSTALL_SYSTEM"

# END: Work